This tutorial shows you how to use redirect rules in the Apache web server. If you want to redirect a subdomain like sub.domain.tld into a subdirectory of the website and keep the original URL in the browser location bar, you may use the following apache directive. RewriteEngine on RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^sub.domain.tld [NC] RewriteRule ^/(.*)$ /sub/$1 ... Read more
There is no simple 'tolower' command on the bash, but you can convert uppercase characters to lowercase with a little shell script. The script uses the tr command internally for converting the chars. Create a shell script with the name 'tolower' that converts all text that is given as a command-line argument to lower case: ... Read more
If you experience problems with slow logins in pure-ftpd, this is often caused by a problem with the resolving of the client's hostname. This happens e.g. when you run an FTP server in your intranet and the hostname of the client computer does not exist in DNS. Disable PureFTPD name resolver To disable name resolving ... Read more
To turn on verbose logging (e.g. to debug FTP connection or authentication problems) in pure-ftpd FTP server on Debian and Ubuntu Linux. Enable debug log in pure-ftpd Execute the following command as root user in the shell to enable verbose logging: echo 'yes' > /etc/pure-ftpd/conf/VerboseLog and then restart pure-ftpd, for init based systems: service pure-ftpd-mysql ... Read more
One way to create a backup of a MySQL database on the shell is to use the mysqldump command. Mysqldump creates a dump of the database in form of sql commands, which can be easily restored using the mysql command or PHPMyAdmin. Backup a MySQL Database mysqldump -u root -p mydatabase > /tmp/backup_mydatabase.sql This command ... Read more
Fail2ban uses iptables by default to block incoming connections when they exceed the max. login retries. The iptables rules used by fail2ban might conflict with other firewall rules, so it might be necessary to reconfigure fail2ban to use the route command for blocking incoming connections. Fail2ban ban using route command To reconfigure fail2ban for using ... Read more
Debian 10 has now fully switched to Systemd which means that the traditional commands to halt or reboot a system like 'shutdown -h now' or 'reboot' will not work anymore. First of all, run the command as root user. Prepend the sudo command to become root user if needed. Here are their systemd equivalents which ... Read more
If all your visitors shall access your website with a URL like www.domain.com and not without www, use the following apache rewrite rule for redirecting them. RewriteEngine On RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^www RewriteRule (.*) http://www.%{HTTP_HOST}$1 [L,R] The apache rewrite rule can be added in a .htaccess file in the website root directory or if you use ... Read more
When a server has more than one IP address, then postfix will use all IP addresses randomly to send out emails. This can cause your emails to be listed as SPAM on other servers because the sending IP does not match the reverse IP of the server hostname. The solution is to bind postfix to ... Read more
The winmail.dat file is a container file format used by Microsoft Outlook to send attachments in rich-text formatted emails. To open winmail.dat on Linux, use the tnef utility. Installation sudo apt-get install tnef Usage Open a shell window, navigate to the directory where the winmail.dat file is saved, then execute the command: tnef winmail.dat to ... Read more